Real Time Assessment of Drug Craving, Use, and Abstinence During Outpatient: A Development and Feasibility Study

Study Summary

Background: * The treatment of addiction often hinges on preventing relapse into drug-using behaviors, which occurs at high rates even after prolonged abstinence. Research has shown that constant reporting through personal data-collection devices, such as electronic diaries, can help prevent relapse and reinforce abstinence. This constant reporting is known as Ecological Momentary Assessment (EMA). * The researchers here at NIDA have already completed two major arms of the study, focusing on patterns of craving and drug use during methadone maintenance, and on whether electronic diaries could help remind outpatients to complete treatment tasks. An ongoing arm of the study is examining connections among drug craving/use, stress, and geographical location. Objective: \- To investigate the role of stress associated with geographical location in drug craving and use. Eligibility: \- Individuals between 18 and 65 years of age or older who are dependent on opioids (cocaine and/or heroin). Design: * The study will last 28 weeks. After the initial screening, participants will receive daily methadone and weekly drug counseling sessions that will continue throughout the study. * After 3 weeks of methadone treatment, participants will have 15 weeks of EMA in which they will record both event-triggered cravings and daily responses (3 per day). EMA will consist of event-triggered recordings (initiated by participants whenever they use heroin or cocaine, or whenever they feel an urge to do so) and random-signal-triggered recordings (3 per day). During EMA, participants will begin a voucher-based program to encourage abstinence from heroin and cocaine. * Participants will also carry global positioning system (GPS) units to record their locations during these 15 weeks, and will complete questionnaires about stress levels at specific intervals during the study. * At the end of the study, participants will have the choice of transferring to a community clinic or undergoing an